Escavações de um sítio arqueológico no Panamá revelaram o túmulo de um líder religioso enterrado há mais de 1.200 anos ao lado de um esconderijo de objetos de ouro – e numerosos outros restos humanos.
Os pesquisadores encontraram a antiga tumba no Parque Arqueológico El Caño, um local na província de Coclé conhecido como foco de descobertas pré-colombianas, particularmente câmaras funerárias luxuosas.
O recinto recém-descoberto, construído por volta do ano de 700, é o nono túmulo desenterrado no parque desde que a escavação do local começou em 2008, de acordo com um comunicado de imprensa de 1º de março do Ministério da Cultura do Panamá.
Os túmulos, incluindo os últimos a serem descobertos, são locais de descanso para pessoas que tinham um status mais elevado em suas sociedades, disse Julia Mayo, líder da escavação e diretora da Fundação El Caño, um grupo que estuda o patrimônio cultural do Panamá através de pesquisa no sítio arqueológico.
A equipe de pesquisa acredita que a pessoa encontrada deitada no centro da sepultura tinha um status mais elevado, indicado não apenas por sua posição física, mas também pelos artefatos de ouro e cerâmica que cercavam o corpo.
A civilização da região ao redor de El Caño na época tratava o local como sagrado e adorava seus “ancestrais”, referindo-se àqueles lembrados por terem feito coisas importantes.
“Após a morte dessas pessoas, [acreditava-se que] uma comunicação constante foi estabelecida entre o ancestral e seus descendentes”, disse Mayo. “Nosso estudo [dos túmulos] destaca a prática da morte ritual em rituais funerários ligados a um status [mais elevado].”
O líder de elite recém-descoberto era provavelmente um homem de 30 ou 40 anos, apelidado de “Senhor das Flautas” pelos arqueólogos porque foi sepultado ao lado de um conjunto de flautas de ossos de animais que provavelmente eram usadas para cerimônias religiosas, acrescentou ela.
E à medida que os pesquisadores continuavam a explorar o túmulo, perceberam que o Senhor das Flautas poderia ter tido bastante companhia na sua viagem para a vida após a morte – potencialmente até algumas dezenas de companheiros cujos restos mortais foram encontrados enterrados sob as oferendas que o rodeavam.
“Uma representação da ordem social”
Os pesquisadores encontraram padrões semelhantes entre a tumba e as oito tumbas previamente estudadas, sugerindo que os outros corpos pertenciam a pessoas sacrificadas para acompanhar os mortos à vida após a morte, disse Mayo.
Parece que os restos mortais recém-descobertos foram todos enterrados ao mesmo tempo, e também apresentavam sinais de uma morte ritual, acrescentou ela.
El Caño está dividido em dois setores de câmaras funerárias: um setor de alto status, que abriga câmaras funerárias com vários corpos, e um setor de baixo status, onde as sepulturas incluem apenas um corpo por sepultura, disse Mayo.
A escavação não está completa, então não está claro quantos corpos estão dentro da sepultura recém-descoberta, mas as outras oito tumbas revelaram entre oito e 32 corpos.
Enquanto os outros túmulos continham o que os investigadores acreditam serem líderes militares, o Senhor das Flautas era provavelmente mais um líder religioso, pois o corpo foi “enterrado com flautas e sinos e não, como no caso de outros senhores encontrados no mesmo local, com machados, lanças e objetos confeccionados com dentes de grandes predadores.
Isto chama a atenção para a importância da religião nesta sociedade”, disse Mayo por e-mail.
Espera-se que a escavação da nona tumba esteja concluída nesta época do próximo ano.
Práticas funerárias antigas
Os arqueólogos encontraram o corpo do suposto líder religioso enterrado de bruços e em cima do corpo de uma mulher, afirma o comunicado. O relacionamento que o homem poderia ter tido com a mulher é desconhecido, disse Mayo.
“O modo de enterro virado para baixo era comum neste período nesta região, mas o posicionamento do homem sobre o indivíduo feminino não é”, disse Nicole Smith-Guzmán, curadora de arqueologia do Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute na Cidade do Panamá, por e-mail.
No entanto, ela acrescentou que outros investigadores relataram a descoberta de restos humanos datados de há mais de 1.000 anos, enterrados em posição semelhante num local próximo chamado Sitio Sierra, na mesma província de El Caño.
Os pesquisadores da época especularam que o casal representava marido e mulher, mas a teoria ainda não foi confirmada.
“No entanto, é provável que tenha havido algum tipo de relação social entre os dois indivíduos durante a vida que era importante manter na morte”, disse Smith-Guzmán, que não participou em nenhuma das descobertas.
Adornos de ouro cimentaram alianças poderosas
Entre os artefatos encontrados espalhados no topo da câmara mortuária e ao redor do Senhor das Flautas estavam cinco peitorais – uma forma de joia de peitoral para o falecido –, dois cintos feitos de contas de ouro, diversas pulseiras e colares de ouro, além de dois brincos na forma de figuras humanas e algumas joias feitas com dentes de animais, incluindo brincos feitos com dentes de cachalote, segundo o comunicado.
Esses materiais “exóticos” eram geralmente interpretados como estratégias de vida dos líderes para obter mais prestígio dentro de seus territórios, disse Ana María Navas Méndez, professora assistente de sociologia e antropologia na Universidade Estadual de Illinois, por e-mail.
Os antigos chefes da América Latina muitas vezes estabeleciam relações políticas e econômicas com líderes de comunidades próximas, permitindo a troca de bens preciosos e artesanais entre si, acrescentou ela.
Vários dos artefatos encontrados dentro da tumba eram “estilisticamente semelhantes aos produzidos na região de Quimbaya [da Colômbia]”, disse Mayo, acrescentando que isso indica que houve uma grande interação e troca de materiais “entre as populações que habitavam a tumba, na região central do Panamá e norte da América do Sul”.
Cidade da morte
Os especialistas acreditam que El Caño funcionou como um centro cerimonial regional ou necrópole (cidade dos mortos) para membros da elite da sociedade, disse Smith-Gúzman.
Houve duas tentativas – a mais recente em 2021 – de descobrir a quem pertenceram as várias tumbas encontradas no sítio de El Caño, disse Mayo. Mas todas as tentativas falharam na recolha de qualquer DNA dos ossos humanos, provavelmente porque o clima quente e úmido da região não é ideal para preservação, acrescentou ela.
“[Esta descoberta] oferece novas evidências para continuar o estudo das chefias no Panamá que podem ser comparadas com descobertas anteriores”, disse Navas Méndez.
“Com estas novas evidências, os arqueólogos poderiam fazer novas perguntas sobre as interações entre chefias, sobre a economia política das sociedades pré-colombianas, sobre aspectos religiosos, sobre gênero, e assim por diante.”
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